HOME REMEDIES TO ARREST THE SECRETION OF MILK

HOME REMEDIES TO ARREST THE SECRETION OF MILK

In cases where the mother suffers from certain illnesses that can be transferable to the child through breast milk, it is better to put t he child off breast milk. Arresting the secretion of milk in such a mother is of prime importance. The following are some of the measures that can be used:

1. To check  excessive secretion of milk, apply a paste of turmeric and dhatoora (thorn apple) leaves for thirty minutes over the breasts.

2. Apply layers of hot betel leaves over the breasts for 10-15 minutes twice a day for a few weeks.

HOME REMEDIES TO IMPROVE THE FLOW OF MILK

HOME REMEDIES TO IMPROVE THE FLOW OF MILK

The usual causes of decreased milk secretion are-stress, emotional disturbances, worries, lack of sleep, etc. The following are some of the home remedies that help to promote the secretion of milk from the mammary glands in a nursing mother:
1. Alfalfa-Alfalfa is taken as sprouts or in tea or the juice of fresh leaves of alfalfa is taken with carrot juice, half cup daily in the morning.

2. Almonds-Eating four almonds in the morning that have been soaked overnight helps to improve the flow.

3. Amaranth -Mix amaranth , black gram dal (urad dal) and parsley, 25 gms each, soak them in water for a couple of hours and grind the mixture into a paste. Have one tablespoonful of this paste daily to increase the flow.

4. Aniseed-Aniseed, also known as velaiti saunf or anisi is taken on an empty stomach. Soak 10 gms of anisi in a glass of water overnight. Have this water along with the seeds the next morning.

5. Bitter gourd (karela)-Prepare a paste from leaves of bitter gourd (karela) and apply it over the breasts overnight, or, if possible, throughout the day. Use fresh leaves every day.

6. Brewer's yeast-This is an excellent milk -producing food and is also a rich source of high-quality protein.

7. Cottage cheese (paneer)-Cottage cheese, especially the homemade ones, and fresh milk is also a rich source of protein and calcium.  This enhances the production of high quality breast milk.

8. Dill leaves (sowa bhaji) / Dill seeds (anethum sowa)-A handful of leaves or seeds are boiled in two cups of barley (jau) water and drunk daily.

9. Long pepper (lindi peepar)-Hot milk with half teaspoonful of both powdered long pepper (pipli) and powdered black pepper is given at bedtime.

10. Muskmelon (kharbooja/shakkar teti)-Have half a muskmelon daily with lunch.

11. Papaya-Eat half raw papaya daily with breakfast.

12. Potato-Whole potatoes, baked or roasted in their skins should be included in the daily diet.

13. Sesame seeds (til)-These are a potential source of calcium, thus useful for lactation.

14. Eat plenty of whole-grain cereals, fruits and fruit juices (especially apple and grape juice), dark leafy vegetables like turnip, dandelion and collard greens,  endive, watercress (jalkumb), Brussel sprouts, broccoli and carrots, all these are useful when taken by the nursing mother.

Packaged diet foods may spur more weight loss

In a head-to-head comparison with a traditional diet, people who stuck to a diet of portion-controlled packaged foods lost almost twice as much weight as those who only got advice on how to trim calories, according to a new study.

Dr. Michael Dansinger, a nutrition expert at Tufts Medical Center, said having less freedom in choosing meals seems to help people meet their dieting goals.

"When there's less structure, then participants are making more decisions, and I think too often they're making decisions that undermine their goal to stick to a calorie target," said Dansinger, who was not part of the study.

The diet the researchers studied was the Medifast 5 & 1 Plan. It consists of five pre-packaged meals each day, along with one meal of vegetables and protein prepared by the dieter.

Dieters can pick from 70 different packaged foods to create five meals totaling about 1,000 calories a day.

People on the plan can also purchase different levels of support along with the meals, such as access to dieticians and recipes. Typically, the plan costs about $300 a month.

To see how effective the Medifast diet is in helping people lose weight and keep it off, the researchers asked 60 people to join the plan for free.

They compared these dieters to another 60 people who were given advice on how to meet a 1,000 calorie-per-day target, but who continued to buy and prepare their own food.

For everyone in the study, the goal for the first 26 weeks was to lose weight, and during the second half of the study the goal was to maintain weight.

All of the participants were obese, having a body mass index (BMI) - a measure of body size relative to height - between 35 and 50.

A BMI of 35 represents, for example, a person who is 5-feet 8-inches tall and 230 pounds.

By the end of the study, 15 people dropped out of the regular-food group and 10 dropped out of the Medifast group.

After six months, those who stuck with either dieting approach lost weight.

People in the Medifast group shed an average of 16.5 pounds, or 6.7 percent of their starting weight.

Dansinger said such a reduction in weight is modest, but it can have a meaningful impact on people's health.

"That's been demonstrated in numerous studies to be effective for improving blood sugar in people with diabetes or delaying the progression from pre-diabetes to type 2 diabetes and to reduce other heart disease risk factors, including blood pressure, cholesterol and inflammation," he told Reuters Health.

The regular-food group lost an average of 8.4 pounds, or 3.4 percent of their body weight.

The Medifast dieters also had greater reductions in body fat, waist circumference and cholesterol than the other group.

Of the average 16.5 pounds Medifast dieters lost, 14 were fat mass. Regular-food dieters lost an average of 8.14 pounds of fat. The study did not examine the diets' effects on bone and muscle mass.

Medifast users lost an average 2.24 inches around their waists and their total cholesterol dropped an average 8.4 milligrams, compared to 1.46 inches and 1.1 milligrams, respectively, in the regular diet group.

Over time, though, the dieters in both groups tended to rebound somewhat toward their original weights.

After one year in the study, the Medifast group ended up about 10 pounds, or 4.2 percent, lighter than when they started, while the other group was about four pounds, or 1.7 percent, lighter.

James Shikany, the lead author of the study, said the results show that sticking to the Medifast diet makes it harder for dieters to eat more calories than they should.

"It's more of a regimented type of diet, and some people find that's what they need in order to limit their portion intake," said Shikany, who is a professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham Division of Preventive Medicine.

Dansinger said the weight loss results from the Medifast diet appear to fall in the middle of the pack of other weight loss interventions.

Some approaches, such as weight loss surgery or more extreme diets can have more dramatic results.

But in terms of dietary interventions or FDA-approved weight loss pills, the effect is roughly comparable, he said.

Lisa Davis, the vice president of science and clinical affairs at Medifast, said earlier studies of the diet actually found greater weight reductions.

One explanation she offered is that the current study participants' demographics, such as race, appeared to be different in Shikany's study than in earlier ones.

In particular, Shikany's study included a majority of African Americans whereas other studies had mostly caucasians, Davis said.

"I think that's worth investigating in the future," she told Reuters Health.

Medifast funded the current study, and one of the researchers has been a consultant to Medifast.

Dansinger said that based on this and other studies, he would recommend meal-replacement diets.

"In my opinion, for patients who have had repeated failures with other attempts at sustaining weight loss, the Medifast plan or other similar plans appear to be a good option," he said.

Shikany agreed, but said it's unclear whether cost could be a factor in the diet's appeal.

"If you take (cost) out of the equation, I think it would be a good option for some people, especially for people who need that extra assistance in weight loss efforts as far as determining portions," he said.

Sex and the Superbug: Meet Antibiotic-Resistant Gonorrhea

Here’s a tidbit you probably didn’t know: Gonorrhea is the second-most frequently reported “notifiable” disease, according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (That means that if you have it, your doctor or local health official needs to report it to the federal government so they can track it; gonorrhea is beaten out only by chlamydia.)

Though gonorrhea—being a sexually transmitted disease (STD) and all—doesn’t come up in conversation too often, it's way more prevalent than you probably think. It’s also a superbug, meaning it’s grown resistant to the usual treatments because the gonorrhea bacteria has mutated to become stronger than ever.  In fact, earlier this month you may have seen alarmist headlines (“Sex Superbug Could be ‘Worse Than AIDS,’” said CNBC.com) about drug-resistant gonorrhea. The CDC was quick to respond, quelling fears about the bug’s presence in the U.S. Many reports were referring to gonorrhea strain H041, which is very resistant to ceftriaxone—the drug widely recommended for treating gonorrhea. That strain, though, hasn’t ever been reported in the U.S., said the CDC.

Gonorrhea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a gram-negative bacterium (which means the cells have a double cell lining). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 62 million people get gonorrhea every year. To get it, you have to have contact with the mouth, penis, vagina, or anus of an infected sexual partner. Once N. gonorrhoeae bacteria have been transmitted, they infect mucosal surfaces in the genitals and throat.

Symptoms of gonorrhea manifest differently in men and women, and also vary in severity (many people, in fact, are asymptomatic). When symptoms do appear, men may see a urethral discharge, or feel pain in their testicles or scrotum. Complications for guys can result in epididymitis, which is pain and inflammation of the epididymis (for those not into genital anatomy and physiology, that’s part of the testicle that stores sperm; we’re getting up close and personal now). In women, gonorrhea may also cause vaginal discharge or bleeding between periods.

Symptoms of untreated gonorrhea aren’t just uncomfortable and embarrassing, though. There are complications of gonorrhea infections that nobody likes to think about: In women, the STD can spread to the uterus and fallopian tubes, increasing the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy (a dangerous situation in which the embryo implants outside of the uterus). Gonorrhea can be passed from mother to child, and it also increases your risk for HIV. So, in the end, it’s a pretty serious infection.





For a while, gonorrhea could be treated easily with penicillin and sulfa drugs. In the late 1960s, though, studies began showing that gonorrhea was rapidly increasing its resistance to penicillin. It beat the antibiotics by making an enzyme—penicillinase—that made penicillin totally ineffective. Then, in the 1980s, strains of gonorrhea that did not produce penicillinase began showing resistance; they showed up in the U.S. in 1980 during an outbreak in North Carolina. This meant that certain strains of gonorrhea had undergone a genetic mutation: They had picked up a chromosome that allowed them to be resistant in a different way. (As a reminder, antibiotics target certain structural components in bacteria to defeat them. If these structural components change, even just a little bit, this change affects the susceptibility of the bacteria to an antibiotic.) What we learned in the ‘80s was that not only did some strains of gonorrhea produce an enzyme that destroyed penicillin, other strains were shifting so that penicillin couldn’t affect them.

Since 1986, the United States Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) has been monitoring antibiotic resistance to gonorrhea. According to GISP, by 2010, 27 percent of all of the gonorrhea samples were resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin, or some combination of these drugs.

By 2010, 27 percent of all gonorrhea tested was resistant to three major antibiotics or some combination of these drugs.

Cefixime, an oral cephalosporin antibiotic (cephalosporins are a sub-group of beta-lactam antibiotics, like carbapenems) was the recommended antibiotic for gonorrhea treatment, until gonorrhea began to develop resistance that drug too. In 2012, the CDC  updated its treatment guidelines and now recommends an injectable cephalosporin, called ceftriaxone, along with azithromycin or doxycycline, instead of oral cephalosporins. Combination therapies (meaning more than one antibiotic) provide almost a one-two punch against these bacteria—so the hope is that this remains effective. But cephalosporins are our last line of antibiotic defense against gonorrhea. As authors wrote in 2012 in a piece in the New England Journal of Medicine, it is now “time to sound the alarm.”

Simply put, the outlook is not good. In 2011, doctors from Japan published a case study revealing that gonorrhea was acquiring even more resistance—this time, to injectable ceftriaxone. Since then, samples of ceftriaxone-resistant gonorrhea have been detected in France and Spain, too, reports the CDC.

So what to do? We clearly need new options for treatment, but those don’t seem to be coming any time soon. The best method of protection against gonorrhea is abstinence. But that’s not always the most realistic prevention method. The CDC also strongly recommends the use of latex condoms—and not just for vaginal intercourse, but also for oral sex as well. In his New Yorker piece on antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea, Dr. Jerome Groopman briefly explores condom use in fellatio; through interviews with medical professionals, Groopman explains that the most conventional (and effective) way to transmit gonorrhea is through fellatio, because the urethra can come into contact with the human pharynx (throat). The pharynx is a breeding ground for resistance in gonorrhea.

So while we wait for new antibiotics, the best advice we have when it comes to gonorrhea superbugs is: Don’t forget to use a condom.

Weight Gain May Change Personality

 After gaining a significant amount of weight, people may grow more self-conscious about their choices, while at the same time being weaker in the face of temptation, a new study finds.

Researchers already have an idea about how personality traits contribute to weight gain. For instance, people pleasers tend to eat more at parties, conscientious folk are more likely to have a regular exercise routine, and those with a Type A personality may be at increased risk for health problems like weight gain and heart disease. These are all averages, of course, and every person with a certain personality won't fall into the associated health group.

"What we don't know is whether significant changes in weight are associated with changes in our core personality traits," Angelina Sutin of the Florida State University College of Medicine said in a statement. "Weight can be such an emotional issue, we thought that weight gain may lead to long-term changes in psychological functioning."
[The 7 Biggest Diet Myths Debunked]

Sutin and her colleagues at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) looked at data on the personality traits and weights of more than 1,900 people at two time points, nearly a decade apart.

During that period, those who gained more than 10 percent of their body weight became more impulsive and were more likely to give in to temptations compared with those whose weight remained stable, the researchers found.

At the same time, weight gain was also associated with increased thoughtfulness in decision making. These results held regardless of how much participants weighed, specifically their body mass index (BMI, or a measure of body fatness) at the beginning of the study.

The researchers speculate that people who have put on pounds might feel more self-conscious about their actions because of negative comments they've received about their weight. But they may still have trouble keeping temptations at bay even as they become more aware of their choices, and those effects can snowball, the researchers say.

"The inability to control cravings may reinforce a vicious cycle that weakens the self-control muscle," the researchers wrote on April 29 in the journal Psychological Science. "Yielding to temptation today may reduce the ability to resist cravings tomorrow. Thus, individuals who gain weight may have increased risk for additional weight gain through changes in their personality."

The study drew from NIH's Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, whose participants ranged from middle to older age with an average age of about 59 at the study's start, and the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area study, whose participants were younger, with an averge age of about 45 at the study's start.

Eating insects could help fight obesity, U.N. says

The thought of eating beetles, caterpillars and ants may give you the creeps, but the authors of a U.N. report published on Monday said the health benefits of consuming nutritious insects could help fight obesity.
More than 1,900 species of insects are eaten around the world, mainly in Africa and Asia, but people in the West generally turn their noses up at the likes of grasshoppers, termites and other crunchy fare.
The authors of the study by the Forestry Department, part of the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization FAO), said many insects contained the same amount of protein and minerals as meat and more healthy fats doctors recommend in balanced diets.
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"In the West we have a cultural bias, and think that because insects come from developing countries, they cannot be good," said scientist Arnold van Huis from Wageningen University in the Netherlands, one of the authors of the report.
Eva Muller of the FAO said restaurants in Europe were starting to offer insect-based dishes, presenting them to diners as exotic delicacies.
Danish restaurant Noma, for example, crowned the world's best for three years running in one poll, is renowned for ingredients including ants and fermented grasshoppers.
As well as helping in the costly battle against obesity, which the World Health Organization estimates has nearly doubled since 1980 and affects around 500 million people, the report said insect farming was likely to be less land-dependent than traditional livestock and produce fewer greenhouse gases.
It would also provide business and export opportunities for poor people in developing countries, especially women, who are often responsible for collecting insects in rural communities.
Van Huis said barriers to enjoying dishes such as bee larvae yoghurt were psychological - in a blind test carried out by his team, nine out of 10 people preferred meatballs made from roughly half meat and half mealworms to those made from meat.

ADVANTAGES OF BREAST FEEDING AND WEANING

ADVANTAGES OF BREAST FEEDING AND WEANING
International Breastfeeding Symbol
"Breast feeding" is an art and a skill and is far more superior to artificial bottle-feeding or feeding the baby with baby foods. The babies should be put on breast milk only. They should be breast-fed for a period of atleast six months and then for the next six months other food items can be included in the babies diet along with breast-feeding. Babies should be put on breast milk within an hour after its birth. A newborn must get the meuconium -the thick, yellowish breast milk, rich in vitamins, especially vitamins A and K and is also rich in many antibodies and other factors that protect the child against life-threatening infections. Though the meuconium is secreted in a small amount in the first few days after birth, it is enough to meet all the needs of the newborn.

Keep your baby close to you immediately after birth. This tends to improve and increase the closeness between the mother and the child. Assuming the right position during breast-feeding is of utmost importance. The baby should be facing the breast directly, with its tummy touching the mother's and then ask the mother to make a 'V' with her fingers around the nipples and angle it up slightly. Then stroke the baby's cheek to make him open his mouth and then pull him in rapidly, thrusting the entire nipple and one-fourth to half an inch of the areola into his mouth. Use both the breasts during a feed and let your baby suckle in as much as it wants. Do not force in anything. Artificial feeding or bottle-feeding are better avoided since the chances of spreading the infection are more, thus leading to some serious illness.

From sixth month onwards, continue the breast-feeding but add the following foods as advised: 

1. Start boiled and cooled water with a small glass. No need to use bottle at any age.

2. The best substitute for mother's milk and the best supplementary food is fresh fruit juice, especially grape and orange juice. Fruit juice and breast milk should be given at different times.

3. Never give the baby artificial baby food as it is dead food and is best avoided.

4. A quarter banana or stewed apple can be mashed and given to the baby and increase the quantity by a quarter every succeeding week. Other seasonal fruits like pears (boiled), papaya, mango, chickoo, etc. can also be given.

5. Porridge can be added to the baby's diet after a week of starting the fruits.

6. Home made suji kheer (rava kheer); thin sheera with ghee; dalia from broken wheat or ragi (nachni); soaked bread in milk or mashed boiled rice with milk should be preferred to readymade cereals.

7. A highly nutritious recipe can be made by roasting, grinding and mixing equal parts of rice, wheat, ragi and moong dal. The mixed powder is stored in an airtight container. This readymade powder can be used for making thin kheer with milk and sugar or thin sheera with ghee and sugar (or salt). One to two teaspoonfuls are given twice a day after a breast-feed, in the morning and evening. Keep increasing the amount every third or fourth day as required by the baby.

8. Soft-boiled egg can be added a week later for those who eat eggs. Start with a teaspoonful of the yellow portion and slowly increase the amount by teaspoonful increments adding the white of eggs so that the baby may use the whole egg in about four weeks from the commencement.

9. Add mashed and well-cooked vegetables (dark green leafy vegetables, carrots and pumpkin are preferable items) a week later. Begin with two to four teaspoonfuls and increase progressively.

10. Then after another week or two, add mashed and well-cooked khichri or rice and dal. Begin this with two to four teaspoonfuls and then increase the quantity accepted by the baby.

11. After one year, mother's milk can be continued and cow's or buffalo's milk, though not essential, can be given from a glass two times daily.

12. Gradually let the child get used to the adult food made at home. Children who do not eat enough at a time should be offered food and fruits every two to three hours, but do not force.

ADVANTAGES OF BREAST FEEDING 
a. A baby needs the feeling of warmth, closeness and security of the mother's body, and this is available through the act of breast-feeding.

b. Breast-fed babies have a better immunity than bottle-fed babies and are thus less susceptible to infections of any kind. This is because mother's milk directly supplies the antibodies necessary to fight the infections.

c. Breast milk is digested and assimilated better than cow's milk. Breast-fed babies thus have much lesser frequency of digestive disorders and nutritional deficiencies.

VEGETABLES

VEGETABLES
Vegetables should be bought fresh. They should either be eaten raw, baked or lightly cooked.  There are certain vegetables that should never be cooked like the avocado, cucumber and especially the tomatoes (since cooking will make them very acidic and will destroy their nutritional value whereas when eaten raw they are very alkaline and beneficial for the body).  Never use cucumber and tomato for toasted or grilled sandwiches.

1. Artichokes.

2. Asparagus.

3. Avocado.

4. Beet roots - the red and the white variety.

5. Broccoli.

6. Brussels sprouts.

7. Cabbage.

8. Carrots.

9. Cauliflower.

10. Celery leaves (ajwan-ka-patta)

11. Corn.

12. Cucumber.

13. Eggplant (brinjal - the small variety).

14. Fennel (the root can be sliced raw into salads and the leaf and seeds are used as herbs).

15. Garlic.

16. Ginger.

17. Green beans (French beans, papri, etc.).

18. Kale.

19. Ladyfingers.

20. Lettuce.

21. Mushrooms - either fresh or dried.

22. Onions  -  Bermuda (red), spring  or  scallions, white and yellow varieties.

23. Peas.

24. Peppers - Bell (green or red), green chili.

25. Potatoes - new (red-skinned), sweet potatoes, Russet Burbank and Yams.

26. Radishes.

27. Spinach (palak).

28. Sprouts - alfalfa, buckwheat, fenugreek (methi), lentil, mung bean, pea, radish, red

29. clover, red lentil and sunflower.

30. Suran (elephant root yam).

31. Tomatoes.

32. Turnips.

33. Watercress (Jalkumb).

FRUITS - NUTRIENTS


FRUITS - NUTRIENTS
Source: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en
Earlier certain fruits were available only in certain seasons. But now with widespread importing, we have an access to a wide variety of fruits all-year-round. Importing also allows us to benefit by providing different types of nutrients from a variety of soils and different farming techniques. It should always be remembered that fruit should never be cooked but should be eaten fresh and raw. The process of cooking transforms the alkalinity of the fruit to acid and also destroys most of the nutrients. Never purchase fruit in bulk as storing fruits for a longer period destroys not only its nutritional value, but also causes fungal infection of the fruits. Buy only those fruits that you are going to consume within twenty-four hours.

1. Apples  - The varieties are New Zealand Gala (yellow) and Red delicious (Himachal Pradesh).

2. Apricots.

3. Bananas-especially the yellow variety (elaichi of Vasai  or  from Madras). Always buy bananas that are ripe  or else the consistency will be very starchy.

4. Berries-Raspberries and strawberries.

5. Dates-Khadrawi (the dates are soft and almost skinless), Medjool (the largest of all dates, also called as 'the king of all dates').

6. Dried fruits-especially the ones that are sun-dried -apricots, currants, figs (anjeer), prunes (dried plums), raisins, etc.

7. Figs (anjeer) -Kadota.

8. Grapes - grapes from Nasik are excellent quality-wise.

9. Guava (a shiny green-skinned fruit, oblong in shape).

10. Kiwi (a fuzzy fruit, brown-skinned but bright lime-green inside, the size of a lemon, with tiny edible black seeds).

11. Lychee (a small nutlike fruit with a hard brown or reddish skin, which when peeled, a juicy white pulp is discovered with a brown seed in the center).

12. Mango -Alphanzo from Ratnagiri.

13. Melons - Cantaloupe, muskmelon (kharbooja) and watermelon.

14. Oranges - Blood and Valencia.

15. Papaya (a yellowish orange fruit when ripe, which is round or oblong in shape, with black seeds in the center which are bitter and should not be eaten).

16. Peach - Indian red.

17. Pears.

18. Pineapples - Hawaiian variety.

19. Plums - That are also called as prunes.

20. Pomegranate (a pinkish or reddish fruit about the size of a tennis ball with a hard skin. The fruit should be cut into quarters and then  the tiny juicy segments with seeds should be had).

Smoking – health risks


You can eat five portions of fruit or veg a day and exercise regularly – but healthy behaviour means little if you continue to smoke.
The message that 'smoking is bad for you' is an old one, so not everyone gives it their full attention.
Below we list the health risks of smoking.
Why quit smoking?
Most people know that smoking can cause lung cancer, but it can also cause many other cancers and illnesses.
Smoking directly causes over 100,000 deaths in the UK each year and contributes to many more.
Of these deaths, about 42,800 are from smoking-related cancers, 30,600 from cardiovascular disease and 29,100 die slowly from emphysema and other chronic lung diseases.
How do cigarettes damage health?


Cigarettes contain more than 4000 chemical compounds and at least 400 toxic substances.
When you inhale, a cigarette burns at 700°C at the tip and around 60°C in the core. This heat breaks down the tobacco to produce various toxins.
As a cigarette burns, the residues are concentrated towards the butt.
The products that are most damaging are:
tar, a carcinogen (substance that causes cancer)
nicotine is addictive and increases cholesterol levels in your body
carbon monoxide reduces oxygen in the body
components of the gas and particulate phases cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).
The damage caused by smoking is influenced by:
the number of cigarettes smoked
whether the cigarette has a filter
how the tobacco has been prepared.
Smoking affects how long you live
Research has shown that smoking reduces life expectancy by seven to eight years.


Of the 300 people who die every day in the UK as a result of smoking, many are comparatively young smokers.
The number of people under the age of 70 who die from smoking-related diseases exceeds the total figure for deaths caused by breast cancer, AIDS, traffic accidents and drug addiction.
Non-smokers and ex-smokers can also look forward to a healthier old age than smokers.
Major diseases caused by smoking
Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death due to smoking.
Hardening of the arteries is a process that develops over years, when cholesterol and other fats deposit in the arteries, leaving them narrow, blocked or rigid. When the arteries narrow (atherosclerosis), blood clots are likely to form.
Smoking accelerates the hardening and narrowing process in your arteries: it starts earlier and blood clots are two to four times more likely.
Cardiovasular disease can take many forms depending on which blood vessels are involved, and all of them are more common in people who smoke.


Coronary thrombosis: a blood clot in the arteries supplying the heart, which can lead to a heart attack. Around 30 per cent are caused by smoking.
Cerebral thrombosis: the vessels to the brain can become blocked, which can lead to collapse, stroke and paralysis. Damage to the brain's blood supply is also an important cause of dementia.
If the kidney arteries are affected, then high blood pressure or kidney failure results.
Blockage to the vascular supply to the legs may lead to gangrene and amputation.
Smokers tend to develop coronary thrombosis 10 years earlier than non-smokers, and make up 9 out of 10 heart bypass patients.
Cancer
Smokers are more likely to get cancer than non-smokers. This is particularly true of lung cancer, throat cancer and mouth cancer, which hardly ever affect non-smokers.
The link between smoking and lung cancer is clear.
Ninety percent of lung cancer cases are due to smoking.
If no-one smoked, lung cancer would be a rare diagnosis – only 0.5 per cent of people who've never touched a cigarette develop lung cancer.
One in ten moderate smokers and almost one in five heavy smokers (more than 15 cigarettes a day) will die of lung cancer.
The more cigarettes you smoke in a day, and the longer you've smoked, the higher your risk of lung cancer. Similarly, the risk rises the deeper you inhale and the earlier in life you started smoking.
For ex-smokers, it takes approximately 15 years before the risk of lung cancer drops to the same as that of a non-smoker.
If you smoke, the risk of contracting mouth cancer is four times higher than for a non-smoker. Cancer can start in many areas of the mouth, with the most common being on or underneath the tongue, or on the lips.
Other types of cancer that are more common in smokers are:
bladder cancer
cancer of the oesophagus
cancer of the kidneys
cancer of the pancreas
cervical cancer
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a collective term for a group of conditions that block airflow and make breathing more difficult, such as:


emphysema – breathlessness caused by damage to the air sacs (alveoli)
chronic bronchitis – coughing with a lot of mucus that continues for at least three months.
Smoking is the most common cause of COPD and is responsible for 80 per cent of cases.
It's estimated that 94 per cent of 20-a-day smokers have some emphysema when the lungs are examined after death, while more than 90 per cent of non-smokers have little or none.
COPD typically starts between the ages of 35 and 45 when lung function starts to decline anyway.


In smokers, the rate of decline in lung function can be three times the usual rate. As lung function declines, breathlessness begins.
As the condition progresses, severe breathing problems can require hospital care. The final stage is death from slow and progressive breathlessness.
Other risks caused by smoking

Smoking raises blood pressure, which can cause hypertension (high blood pressure) – a risk factor for heart attacks and stroke.
Couples who smoke are more likely to have fertility problems than couples who are non-smokers.
Smoking worsens asthma and counteracts asthma medication by worsening the inflammation of the airways that the medicine tries to ease.
The blood vessels in the eye are sensitive and can be easily damaged by smoke, causing a bloodshot appearance and itchiness.
Heavy smokers are twice as likely to get macular degeneration, resulting in the gradual loss of eyesight.
Smokers run an increased risk of cataracts.
Smokers take 25 per cent more sick days year than non-smokers.
Smoking stains your teeth and gums.
Smoking increases your risk of periodontal disease, which causes swollen gums, bad breath and teeth to fall out.
Smoking causes an acid taste in the mouth and contributes to the development of ulcers.
Smoking also affects your looks: smokers have paler skin and more wrinkles. This is because smoking reduces the blood supply to the skin and lowers levels of vitamin A.
Smoking and impotence
For men in their 30s and 40s, smoking increases the risk of erectile dysfunction (ED) by about 50 per cent.

Erection can't occur unless blood can flow freely into the penis, so these blood vessels have to be in good condition.
Smoking can damage the blood vessels and cause them to degenerate: nicotine narrows the arteries that lead to the penis, reducing blood flow and the pressure of blood in the penis.
This narrowing effect increases over time, so if you haven't got problems now, things could change later.
Erection problems in smokers may be an early warning signal that cigarettes are already damaging other areas of the body – such as the blood vessels that supply the heart.
Smoking and others
There are many health-related reasons to give up cigarettes – not just for smokers, but to protect those around you.
Babies born to mothers who smoke during pregnancy are twice as likely to be born prematurely and with a low birth weight.
Passive smoking
The 'side-stream' smoke that comes off a cigarette between puffs carries a higher risk than directly inhaled smoke.
Children who grow up in a home where one or both of their parents smoke have twice the risk of getting asthma and asthmatic bronchitis. They also have a higher risk of developing allergies.
Infants under two years old are more prone to severe respiratory infections and cot death.
For adults, passive smoking seems to increase the risk of lung cancer, but the evidence for an increased risk of heart disease is not yet conclusive.
Thinking about quitting?
As well as reducing your risk of getting a smoking-related illness, there are other benefits to quitting smoking.
General health improves – tiredness and headaches can be linked to smoking.
Your sense of taste and smell improve.
Your heart will be less strained and work more efficiently.
Stopping smoking is the single biggest thing you can do to improve your health, but it's a difficult task.
Smokers who are trying to kick their habit may be disappointed to find there's no single quit method that guarantees success.
The weight of evidence suggests that smokers should set a date to stop, and do their best to quit completely from this point.
On average it takes four to five attempts to give up, and there are a number of things that can help willpower.
Nicotine replacement treatment (NRT) in the form of gum, skin patches or nasal spray.
Zyban (bupropion) is a medicine that's licensed to help smoking cessation.
Champix (varenicline): a medicine that mimics the effect of nicotine in the body, and so reduces the urge to smoke and also reduces withdrawal symptoms. Varenicline can double your chance of successfully quitting
Behaviour modification programmes.
Alternative therapies such as acupuncture and hypnosis.
Research shows that people who take part in a full 'quit smoking' programme, including behavioural therapies and medication, may increase their chance of successfully quitting from about 3 per cent on willpower alone to over 30 per cent.

















Expert fitness tips for a healthy, effective summer slim-down

While children long for the lazy carefree days of summer, many adults view the season as a reason to be active and get healthy. Whether it's to look good for an upcoming beach vacation or simply to have the energy to enjoy the season to the fullest, setting health goals is a great first step.

Sticking to those aspirations doesn’t have to be difficult or stressful. Just follow a few expert tips and you’ll look and feel great in no time.

Leading fitness expert and celebrity yoga and Pilates instructor Kristin McGee has partnered with CalNaturale Svelte to help busy adults maintain overall health and wellness. Her top tips for an effective yet healthy summer slim-down include:

Go outdoors
The weather is nice, so why not take your workout routine outdoors? So many outdoor activities are natural calorie-burners, plus they’re a lot of fun. Ride bikes on the weekend, run around and play tag with your kids, or play fetch with the dog. Infuse your social activities with fitness, too. For example, finish a date night with a romantic walk outside, or have friends over for an outdoor barbecue and dance party.

Lighten meals
Light foods pair well with warmer weather, so take a fresh approach to meal time. Visit your local farmers market to pick up fresh, seasonal food and get creative in the kitchen. Incorporate water-based fruits like watermelon, cantaloupe, honeydew and pineapple into meals. For dessert, freeze grapes for a sweet treat after dinner.

Snack well
Look for snacks and drink options made from pure and simple ingredients. CalNaturale Svelte is a premium protein shake that can serve as a delicious meal replacement. This dairy- and gluten-free shake is also perfect as a pre- and post-workout drink or an anytime on-the-go snack. Each tasty flavor helps control hunger and provides vital nutrients for sustained energy, important for keeping up with the bustle of summer to-do’s.

Drink up
Stay hydrated by stocking the fridge with healthy drink options. A big pitcher of cold water with slices of strawberries, cucumbers and lime is a refreshing drink that’s readily available. This low-calorie drink quenches on even the hottest days.

Rise and shine
Get some fresh air first thing in the morning; it will keep you energized all day long. Take a quick walk or practice yoga outside – try it during sunrise for a great way to start your day. You’ll be surprised with how cheery and upbeat you’ll feel.

Green your thumb
Gardening is a great way to enjoy the warm weather, plus you burn calories without even knowing it. Try planting your own herb garden. It’s a simple activity you can even do with your kids. Plus, you will have quick access to fresh herbs when you want to add a healthy flavor boost to your dishes.

Try new activities
Warm weather is the perfect time to try something new. Take tennis or golf lessons, or meet friends on a weekly basis to play a different sport. Hit the sand with the family and try some beach body Pilates; do a few crunches on your towel, try some planks in the sand, and even some crab walks. Don’t forget sunscreen and sunglasses to protect your skin and eyes.

For more healthy tips and information from McGee, visit www.sveltebrand.com.

AML GENETICS

For such a complex and often treatment-refractory cancer, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has a comparatively modest genetic makeup, according to investigators in the Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network.
Foraging into the genomes of both normal and cancerous cells in adults with AML, they have revealed what lead investigator Timothy J. Ley, MD, calls the cancer's "genetic playbook," a finding that could help in the development of better risk models and, ideally, therapies better targeted to each patient's disease subtype.
The report is published online May 1 in the New England Journal of Medicine.
By comparing genomes from normal skin with genomes from the malignant cells of 200 adults with de novo AML, Dr. Ley, from the Genome Institute at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, and colleagues found that the AML genomes have, on average, only 13 mutations. Other types of adult cancers that have been sequenced have hundreds of mutations.
Nearly all AML samples tested had at least 1 nonsynonymous mutation — that is, a mutation that is likely to be significant in the development of de novo AML.
"This dataset will provide a framework for future studies that pertain to the molecular classification of patients with AML. The identification of many potentially important relationships among recurrently mutated AML genes and pathways provides a comprehensive foundation for an understanding of the genetic rules of pathogenesis," they write.
"Giving Great Insights"
The investigators found nonsynonymous mutations in each of 9 different gene categories, including mutations in signaling genes (found in 59% of all samples), genes related to DNA methylation (44%), chromatin-modifying genes (30%), and NPM1, the gene encoding nucleophosmin, which is overexpressed, underexpressed, rearranged, or deleted in several types of cancer (27%).
Although chromosomal deletions, segment repeats, and other abnormalities found in some patients with AML are important for diagnosis and risk stratification, about half of all patients with AML have normal karyotypes. Some patients in this intermediate-risk cytogenetic category respond well to consolidation chemotherapy, whereas others do poorly. Identifying which patients might benefit from which therapy has been challenging, so deeper analysis of the genetic and epigenetic basis of AML is needed, the investigators write.
"This is the largest genome-wide analysis of AML ever performed, and it gives us great insight into not only what's going on in this intermediate-risk group, but also in the more complex karyotypes," John F. DiPersio, MD, PhD, who is one of the study investigators, told Medscape Medical News.
Uncomplicated, Yet Intricate
The findings suggest that AML is a "curiously uncomplicated malignancy.... It's associated with a very limited number of mutations, compared with things like lung cancer or melanoma, so there's a possibility that we may figure out what the drivers are, how this disease functions," said Dr. DiPersio, who is chief of the division of oncology at the Washington University School of Medicine.
"This lack of complexity is relative, however," writes David P. Steensma, MD, from the division of hematologic malignancies at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, in an accompanying editorial.
"The clonal architecture of AML is dazzlingly intricate, especially in cases arising from the myelodysplastic syndromes, with some subclones becoming extinct over time, and others achieving dominance, unpredictably," he writes.
The investigators performed whole-genome sequencing of primary tumor and matched skin samples from 50 patients with de novo AML, and exome capture and sequencing of paired samples from another 150 patients. The study involved 108 men and 92 women; mean age at study entry was 55 years.
The most frequently occurring mutations were in NPM1 (in 27% of samples), FLT3 (28%), DNMT3A(26%), IDH1/IDH2 (20%), NRAS or KRAS (12%), and RUNX1 (10%).
Mutations in FLT3, DNMT3A, and NPM1 were more frequently grouped together than would be predicted statistically, and these genes were found less frequently in association with transcription-factor fusions than would otherwise be expected, the investigators report.
"This observation, combined with the strong association between samples having concurrent mutations in NPM1, FLT3, and DNMT3A and distinct clusters in messenger RNA, microRNA, and DNA methylation, suggests that samples with mutations in all 3 genes represent a novel subtype of AML," they write.
Secondary AML a Different Disease
Dr. DiPersio cautioned that the study focused specifically on de novo AML, and should not be used to draw conclusions about treatment-related, or secondary, AML.
"Treatment-related AML is probably a different disease, at least in part; it may be substantially different. The lesson we learned is don't assume that treatment-related AML is exactly like de novo AML," he explained.
Genomic studies of treatment-related AML are in progress, and are likely to reveal "substantial and striking" differences between disease types," he said.
In his editorial, Dr. Steensma contends that most AML secrets have been laid bare.
"It is likely that all the common, recurrent genetic lesions in AML — the molecular equivalent of major causes of death, such as stroke and heart disease — are now described. In individual cases, rare genetic events may occur, akin to uncommon causes of death, such as falling down a well or being struck by space debris," he writes.

10 COMMANDMENTS OF MENTAL HEALTH


10 COMMANDMENTS OF MENTAL HEALTH

1. Think positively; it's easier
2. Cherish the ones you love
3. Continue learning as long as you live
4. Learn from your mistakes
5. Exercise daily; it enhances your well-being
6. Do not complicate your life unnecessarily
7. Try to understand those around you and encourage them
8. Do not give up; success in life is a marathon
9. Discover and nurture your talents
10. Set goals for yourself and pursue your dreams

HOME REMEDIES FOR A SMOOTH, GLOWING SKIN


HOME REMEDIES FOR A SMOOTH, GLOWING SKIN
You can transform your dry skin into a super smooth, soft, supple, and glowing skin by using these home remedies.

Home Remedies
1. Mash a banana with milk and apply on face and leave it for 20 minutes. Wash it with cold water to get a skin that will glow.

2. Apply honey on your face and neck for 20 minutes. Wash it with cold water. Your skin will glow and become soft and smooth.

3. Mix egg white with honey and apply on the face for 20 minutes. Wash it with cold water.

4. Make a paste of one teaspoon of walnut powder, honey and lemon juice. Scrub your face with this paste and leave it for 20 minutes. Wash it with cold water.

5. Rub a piece of papaya on your face and neck for 15 minutes.

6. Make a paste by mixing 2 tablespoon turmeric (haldi) powder in orange juice. Scrub it on your face and
neck and leave it for 20 minutes. Wash it with cold water.

7. A paste of the fresh fenugreek leaves, applied on the face, prevents pimples, blackheads, and dryness of the face and early appearance of wrinkles.

8. Make a paste by mixing mashed banana, honey, lemon juice and margarine. Apply on face for overnight. Smear on hands and feet, and wash off in the morning (wear gloves in hands and socks in feet).

9. Boil cabbage in water. Wash your face with this water.

10. Powder mango peels and mix 1 teaspoon milk powder and rub on face, neck, and hands. Wash it off after 15 minutes.

11. Mix one cup of sugar with 1 tablespoon fresh lemon / lime juice. While taking bath, lather your body and  face heavily with a soft soap like Dove. Scrub the whole body and face with the sugar mixture on the lather.

12. After a shower apply Vaseline over your entire body. Shower again after one hour. Repeat twice per month.

13. Mix corn  flour with egg white and apply on your face. When your face is dried completely in about 1/2 an hour, put your fingers in warm water and massage your face. Repeat daily for 10-15 days.

15 TIPS FOR A HEALTHY HEART


15 TIPS FOR A HEALTHY HEART 
1. Know your risk factors for heart disease.

2. Talk to your doctor about reducing your risk of heart disease.

3. Have your blood pressure checked regularly. Avoid excess salt intake to maintain normal blood pressure.

4. Know your cholesterol numbers. [These include total cholesterol, HDL or "good" cholesterol, LDL or "bad" cholesterol, and triglycerides.]

5. Have your blood sugar level checked for diabetes.

6. Do not smoke cigarettes or use other tobacco products in any form including passive smoking.

7. Eat for your heart health. Healthy balanced food intake of at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day, avoiding saturated fats and trans fatty acids.

8. Get regular physical activity. At least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity on most or all days of the week. Include physical activity in your working schedule - cycle to work if possible, take the stairs, and go for a walk during lunch breaks.

9. Aim for a healthy weight.

10. Know the signs and symptoms of a heart attack and the importance of  seeking medical help immediately.

11. Positive attitude with balanced approach to life, avoiding negative mental stress and strain.

12. Workplace wellness should be promoted by incorporating relaxation techniques like stretching and meditation.

13. Know your numbers- visit a healthcare professional to know your blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose levels - keep all below 100 (mean BP< 100 mmHg, LDL cholesterol<100mg, fasting blood glucose<100mg).

14. Maintenance of optimal body weight (body mass index (BMI) below 25) especially avoiding abdominal obesity.

15. Flavor foods with herbs, garlic, mustard, lemon juice, salsa, tomato sauce, or seasoned vinegars.  Limit high fat additions like butter, margarine, mayonnaise, sour cream, and creamy sauces.

Hair removal Methods


Hair removal Methods
Hair removal has been around for centuries, perhaps, some contend, since the dawn of humankind. Tools once thought to be used for scraping fur from animal skins were discovered to contain human hair and are now believed to have been used as crude razors for shaving the face 20,000 years ago. Threading and sugaring, both ancient methods used in the Middle East, are still used today. Ancient Egyptians waxed hair off with beeswax and sported clean, shaven faces as status symbols. Ancient Sumerians and Romans tweezed eyebrows and facial hair. In the modern United States, people continue to develop and improve hair-removal methods for home use, whether through improved shaving tools, depilatories, or home-waxing products.

Before choosing a method it may be a good idea to at least know what the options are.  Here is a list of the various methods for hair removal.
Summary of Hair Removal Methods 

Shaving: This is the most common, it’s the cheapest and it’s the one that has the least amount of lasting effects.  Most people that shave must shave every day and sometimes twice depending on their tolerance and speed of re-growth.  Whether with an electric razor or blade –we will not distinguish here.

Creams: A common product like Nair on the body (never on the face) can remove hair for a longer period than shaving.  The creams penetrate further into the hair follicle and remove all of the hair where shaving does not.  There are also prescription creams that can be used on the face but seems like a lot of effort and cost so we won’t address those in this guide just wanted to acknowledge that they exist.

Epilators: There are many epilators on the market - these are electric devices that rip the hair from the root.  They hurt, but they are as good as waxing.  So they can last for 4-6 weeks before you experience re-growth.

Waxing: This is the process of spreading hot wax on your body and then taking strips to place on top of the wax that then adheres to the hair and to the strip. Then you pull the strip removing the wax and hair from your skin. This can hurt

Home Laser: These are temporary devices contrary to what the infomercials may tell you.   They are epensive and the laser does have a life to it so eventually it will have to be replaced. They basically accomplish the same results as Epilators and waxing

Tweezing: Yes people tweeze.  This is more commonly done on brows.  There is no difference in threading and tweezing.  It’s just a technique.  They both are effective. Some people do tweeze their body or face for a stray hair here or there.

Professional Laser: This is using one of the many laser methods at a clinic.  This has some lasting effects but does not permanently remove hair.

Electrolysis: Permanently removes hair if there are the right techniques and the right number of treatments employed.

BRUISES - HOME REMEDIES


BRUISES - HOME REMEDIES
When a blow occurs, blood vessels under the skin tend to rupture and the blood seeps into the surrounding tissue and the seeped blood shows through the skin as a darkened blue and black discoloration and a possible swelling with soreness. Bruises are also common in older women whose skin is thinning with aging, because collagen, the connective tissue that cushions the skin, breaks down, leaving the underlying blood vessels more vulnerable. Elderly women, who are taking multiple medications for diseases, including blood thinners like aspirin, also have an increased risk of bruising.

Bruises should heal on its own in a few days, evolving through colors like reddish-blue, then purplish-black, then yellowish-green. Bruises on the legs are usually more severe and slower to heal since there is more blood pressure in the blood vessels of the leg and so they bleed more than the blood vessels in the arms. Following a bruise, apply ice or any chilled substance to the area to decrease the seepage of blood from the injured blood vessels to limit the size of the lump and the pain. Also raise the affected part to decrease the swelling and thus the pain. After 24 hours of applying ice, apply heat to the affected part to improve the blood circulation to sweep away the fluids and blood cells faster. Wrap an elastic bandage around the bruised area immediately (especially if its on the leg) to apply mild pressure to the broken blood vessels. The support might prevent the vessels from  leaking as much blood, thus minimizing the severity of the bruise. A cloth (preferably linen) is soaked in cold water and applied locally over the bruise, which should be replaced at regular intervals.

HOME REMEDIES

1. If you are prone to bruising, it's a good habit to eat more of fresh fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin C like asparagus, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, green peppers, kale, snow peas and sweet potatoes; fruits such as cantaloupes, grapefruits (chakotra), guavas,  honeydew melons, Indian Gooseberry (amla), oranges, strawberries and tangerines.

2. Apply aloe vera gel over the bruise.

3. An ointment made out of pulp of unripe tamarind (imli) and sesame oil is a good application.

4. Bread blended with water or milk or a paste of arrowroot and water when bandaged over a bruise, hastens the healing process.

5. Poultice of leaves of Henna plant (mehndi) is boiled with sesame oil and bandaged over the bruised part.

6. Ten drops of the tincture of Myrrh shaken up in four ounces of distilled extract of Witch Hazel is a good application for sprains, bruises, sores and wounds.

7.  Cajuput oil is a useful application over the bruise or sprain.

WOUNDS (lacerated, incised or punctured wounds)


WOUNDS (lacerated, incised or punctured wounds)
Punctured Wound
A laceration is caused by a heavy object rubbing against the skin roughly leaving an uneven cut; whereas an incision is caused by a sharp object like a knife. A punctured wound is caused by an object that pierces the skin resulting in a gaping, open and bleeding wound. With deeper cuts and lacerations there is damage to the underlying structures like the nerves, tendons, veins or the arteries and an immediate medical intervention is necessary. In cases where there is spurting of blood, there is a possibility of it being an arterial laceration and these are considered as medical emergencies and in cases where there is a steady oozing of blood, it is the laceration of a vein and is easily managed by applying pressure over the part.

The first thing to be done is wash the part thoroughly with soap and water. Then control the bleeding site by applying pressure on the part and in cases of spurting of blood from the wound, tie a cloth very tightly around the limb above the wound in the direction of the heart to stop the bleeding. Elevate the wounded part and sit comfortably. Apply ice or cold water around the area to control the bleeding and in cases where there is a lot of swelling around the wound, you can apply hot fomentation if comfortable.

HOME REMEDIES

1. Tender leaves of Pipal tree are applied as a dressing over the wound or finely powdered root bark is dusted over the wound.

2. A mixture of garlic juice and water is used to clean the wound. Garlic made into a paste is a useful application for a wound that is producing a lot of pus.

3. Paste of leaves of holy  basil (tulsi) is applied to check the bleeding and promote healing.

4. Pure honey is applied locally as an ointment for wounds and ulcers.

5. Potato pulp forms a wonderful dressing for sores and septic wounds. Renew the dressing every six to eight hours.

6. The juice of pumpkin when applied externally helps to heal the wound fast.

7.  A few drops of the fluid extract of the herb Marigold when added to a cupful of cold water makes an excellent dressing for any injury. The petals moistened with some warm water also forms an excellent local application.

8. Slices of onions fried in ghee can be applied as hot as can be tolerated and comfortable for the person.

9. The seeds, bark and leaves of mango tree when charred and applied bring about haemostasis.

10. Oil of Pine is a good remedy when applied locally over the wound, especially in cases of wounds that don't heal for a long time.

SKIN CANCER SURGERY FOR ELDERLY

HIV AND CANCER RISK

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